Optimizing translational signals: Sequences surrounding the AUG translational initiation site are not random. Eukaryotic translational initiation site has the consensus Kozak sequences. The Shine Dalgarno sequence in bacteria promotes translation initiation by promoting ribosome binding. Translational signals are species-specific. Optimizing translational signals to match that of the host species is strongly suggested for improving protein expression in the host. Translational initiation sequences for hundreds of species including vertebrate, invertebrate, plants, and bacteria have been extracted from the GenBank database. Click here for more information.

Primo Optimum Primo Optimum is designed for optimal expression of genes of interest in a host organism (e.g., E. Coli, yeast, plants, or mammalian cell lines). Different species have different codon usage frequencies. For high level expression in a host, optimization of the gene sequence to match the host's codon bias increases yield and is frequently necessary. Primo Optimum provides a tool for optimizing gene expression in any host species and designs primers for the PCR synthesis of the optimal gene. In addition it checks for a number of factors that might be detrimental for gene expression. User instructions. For more PCR primer design tools (standard PCR, multiplex PCR, profile PCR, MSP PCR, degenerate PCR, etc.), please visit Primo Home.