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The Electronic Protocol Book Table of contents	BioToolKit 300 Download Trials
An electronic protocol book with 500 protocols and 100 recipes. A great quick and practical reference for bench scientists as well as for new students. Get A Copy	A collection of tools frequently used by bench biomedical scientists, ranging from centrifugation force conversion, molecular weight, OD, recipe calculators, to clinical calculators. Include all Primo 3.4, Abie 3.0, Heatmap Viewer, MicroHelper, Godlist Manager, label printing, and grade book. More info
Z-test For sample means, the z-score is defined as z = ( <X> - m ) / ( s / n^1/2 ). For a one-sample z-test with known population mean and standard deviation, the sample size n = 1. With the z-test calculator, users can easily calculate z-score from the p-value or the vice versa. The population standard error s may be replaced with the sample standard error s if the sample size n is sufficiently large. Example (Traynor et al. Neurology. 1999 Feb;52(3):504-9): The national average annual incidence rate of ALS is 2.8 per 100,000 population over 15 years of age (95% CI 2.4-3.1). The eastern region has a higher incidence rate of 4.4 per 100,000 person-years. One-tailed z-test can be used to determine whether the eastern region has higher ALS incidence rate. H₀ The null hypothesis: the annual incidence difference m between the national (m_n) and the eastern region (m_e) is 0, i.e., m = m_n - m_e = 0. H_a The alternative hypothesis: m = m_n - m_e < 0. We find, z = (y - m) /s = y/s = (y_n - y_e)/(s_n + s_e) ~ (y_n - y_e)/(2 * s_n) ~ (2.8-4.4)/0.7 ~ -2.3. Thus p = 0.01. The null-hypothesis should be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis, i.e., high ALS incidence in the eastern region is statistically significant. What is a USB Flash Disk?

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